The development of nanostructure assisted isothermal amplification in biosensors

Developing simple and inexpensive methods to ultrasensitively detect biomarkers is important for medical diagnosis, food analysis and environmental security. In recent years, isothermal amplifications with sensitivity, high speed, specificity, accuracy, and automation have been designed based on interdisciplinary approaches among chemistry, biology, and materials science. In this article, we summarize the advances in nanostructure assisted isothermal amplification in the past two decades for the detection of commercial biomarkers, or biomarkers extracted from cultured cells or patient samples. This article has been divided into three parts according to the ratio of target-to-signal probe in the detection strategy, namely, the N : N amplification ratio, the 1 : N amplification ratio, and the 1 : N2 amplification ratio.