Effect of environmental factors on population dynamics and structure of the Caucasian red deer (Cervus elaphus maral) in the Caucasian state biosphere reserve

Studies on the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on the red deer (C. elaphus maral) population have been performed in the Caucasian Reserve. The results show that the population is well adapted to the impact of limiting environmental factors, such as high-snow winters and predation by wolves, but its dynamics are highly dependent on anthropogenic factors, primarily poaching. It is concluded that current biotechnical measures are inefficient and that economic activities and protective services in the reserve need optimization.