Development and validation of a screening questionnaire for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Abstract Objective Epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are serious conditions, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although prompt diagnosis is essential, these conditions are frequently misdiagnosed, delaying appropriate treatment. We developed and validated the Anxiety, Abuse, and Somatization Questionnaire (AASQ), a quick and clinically practical tool to differentiate PNES from epilepsy. Method We retrospectively identified psychological variables that differentiated epilepsy from PNES in a discovery cohort of patients admitted to a video-electroencephalography monitoring (VEM) unit from 2002 to 2017. From these findings, we developed the AASQ and prospectively validated it in an independent cohort of patients with gold-standard VEM diagnosis. Results One thousand two hundred ninety-one patients were included in the retrospective study; mean age was 39.5 years (range: 18–99), 58% were female, 67% had epilepsy, and 33% had PNES. Psychometric data for 192 instrument items were reviewed, receiver operating characteristic curves were computed, and a 20-item AASQ was created. Prospective validation in 74 patients showed that a one-point increase in the AASQ score was associated with 11 times increase in the odds of having PNES compared with epilepsy. Low scores on the AASQ were associated with a low probability of PNES with a negative predictive value of 95%. Significance The AASQ is quick, inexpensive, and clinically useful for workup of seizure disorders. The AASQ excludes PNES with a high degree of confidence and can predict PNES with significance when combined with basic clinicodemographic variables. Future research will investigate diagnostic performance of the AASQ in relevant clinical subgroups, such as patients with comorbid epilepsy and PNES.