Single-step purification of raw biogas to biomethane quality by hollow fiber membranes without any pretreatment – An innovation in biogas upgrading

Abstract Herein, a radical innovation in biogas production is presented using a single-step membrane purification technology without any necessary pretreatment steps for contaminant removal and with the usage of low feed pressure. Asymmetric hollow fiber membranes with a thin, selective, non-porous layer made from polyester carbonate on the bore side were successfully used in a single-step raw biogas upgrading process at biogas plant Choťovice in the Czech Republic. A double-stage arrangement operated at 17 °C exhibited the best CO 2 /CH 4 separation factor ( β  ∼ 23) with 96 vol% CH 4 purity. This single-step biogas upgrading technology with highly H 2 S and water-resistant membrane modules allows reductions in capital expenditures of ∼20% and in operational expenditures of ∼50% compared to high-pressure water scrubbing (HPWS) and ∼70% compared to pressure swing adsorption (PSA). Due to the small energy consumption required merely for biogas compression, our units consumed around only ∼2 MJ/Nm 3 CH 4 . Thus, our approach with significantly improved performance and robustness of the membrane separation process can be seen as a major breakthrough of membrane gas separation for inexpensive biogas production.