Cell free DNA: revolution in molecular diagnostics – the journey so far

Cell free DNA (cf-DNA) refers to all non -ncapsulated DNA present in the blood stream which may originate from apoptotic cells as a part of the physiological cell turnover, or from cancer cells or fetal cells. Recent studies have highlighted the utility of cfDNA analysis for genetic profiling of cancer, non-invasive prenatal testing besides many other clinical applications. In our review we discuss the sources of cfDNA in the body, the techniques most commonly being used for its isolation and analysis, the applications of cfDNA testing and the associated pros-cons. We conclude that for prenatal testing, cfDNA analysis provides an effective, non-invasive and safer alternative to traditional amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling tests. Also, in cancer patients, cfDNA analysis is useful for genetic profiling and follow-up during treatment. However, standardization of methods of isolation and analysis has become crucial for the success of widespread use of cfDNA analysis.