Hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw in hot compressed water and subcritical water–alcohol mixtures

Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass (wheat straw) into bio-oil has been investigated under subcritical conditions (temperature up to 350 °C, pressure up to 200 bar) in water and water–alcohol mixtures using ethanol and isopropanol in a continuously operated tubular reactor. The effect of different reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure and water–alcohol ratio on the biomass conversion, cracking products yield and the higher heating value (HHV) of the received bio-oil was studied. The water–ethanol mixture was found to be a very reactive medium showing a complete biomass conversion and >30 wt% yield of high caloric oil (HCO). A maximum HHV of 28 MJ/kg for HCO was achieved. In addition, Ru (5 wt%) on H-Beta support was used as catalyst in a run with hydrogen in the feed showing deeper deoxygenation of reaction intermediates and highest HHV of the product oil (30 MJ/kg). This work demonstrated the usability of water–ethanol mixtures for an effective depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oils under subcritical reaction conditions with more than doubled HHV compared to the feedstock, in particular using a catalyst and the presence of hydrogen for further deoxygenation.