An Adaptive and Energy-Efficient Algorithm for Surface Gateway Deployment in Underwater Optical/Acoustic Hybrid Sensor Networks

Underwater optical/acoustic hybrid sensor networks (UOASNs) play a crucial role in the tradeoffs among transmission rate, communication range, and bandwidth. The reasonable deployment of surface gateways, such as proper number and well-distributed locations, significantly decreases the error probability and propagation delay during transmission. In this letter, an adaptive and energy-efficient scheme for dense surface gateway deployment (SGD) is presented for the UOASN. First, an affiliated-node discovery algorithm is proposed to calculate the distribution coefficient of the nodes, which directly influences the SGD. Then, the SGD applied to the UOASN is formulated as a mixed programming problem, and solved by fuzzy theory to optimize the quantity of the surface gateways and the energy consumption of the network. Extensive simulation results are demonstrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.