RAPD-based assessment of genetic relationships among and within American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) populations and their implications for a future conservation strategy

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a native North American medicinal plant that is becoming increasingly vulnerable despite government harvest restrictions. To better understand the genetic diversity and gene flow of American ginseng, we studied RAPD variation in cultivated and wild pop- ulations. Classical and Bayesian analogues of genetic diversity statistics were estimated in seven wild and two cultivated populations. The wild populations were more highly structured (Gstb = 0.41) than the culti- vated populations (Gstb = 0.24). The genetic diversity within populations ranged from Heb = 0.05 to 0.38. Based on genetic pairwise distances, six of the wild populations clustered with the locally-derived culti- vated population, while one wild population was more similar to the non-local cultivated population than the local populations. This wild population was highly diverse (P = 1.0; U = 1.0) suggesting that it was supplemented from exotic seed. A set of eight RAPD markers was identified that differentiated plants of local and non-local origin. As a conservation strategy, we recommend that regional gene banks be estab- lished based on molecular and geographic diversity to preserve the locally adapted germplasm. These regional gene banks would serve as a conservation tool and also provide a source of genes for genetic improvement of cultivated ginseng.