Development and Characterization of 3D Printed Multifunctional Bioscaffolds Based on PLA/PCL/HAp/BaTiO3 Composites

Bone substitute materials are placed in bone defects and play an important role in bone regeneration and fracture healing. The main objective of the present research is fabrication through the technique of 3D printing and the characterization of innovative composite bone scaffolds composed of polylactic acid (PLA), poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) while hydroxyapatite (HAp), and/or barium titanate (BaTiO3—BT) used as fillers. Composite filaments were prepared using a single screw melt extruder, and finally, 3D composite scaffolds were fabricated using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a satisfactory distribution of the fillers into the filaments and the printed objects. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed that PLA/PCL filaments exhibit lower glass transition and melting point temperatures than the pure PLA filaments. Finally, piezoelectric and dielectric measurements of the 3D objects showed that composite PLA/PCL scaffolds containing HAp and BT exhibited piezoelectric coefficient (d33) values close to the human bone and high dielectric permittivity values.