In situ bismuth-modified gallium nitride electrode for sensitive determination of cadmium (II) with high repeatability

Abstract Bismuth-modified gallium nitride (Bi/GaN) electrode was fabricated using an in situ plating technique and simultaneously investigated for the detection of Cd 2 + by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Under the optimized conditions, the Bi/GaN electrode showed good linear amperometric responses for Cd 2 + in the concentration range from 1 to 150 μg/L. The sensitivity was 0.54418 μA L μg − 1 (i.e., 59.8598 A M − 1 ) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 μg/L (i.e., 2.72 nM). Furthermore, the as-prepared Bi/GaN sensor has high repeatability, and retains 95% of its initial stripping peak current after 50 cycles. More importantly, the applicability of the sensor in real samples such as tap water, milk, and fetal bovine serum was researched. The recovery ranges from 92.3 to 106.7%, indicating that the as-fabricated Bi/GaN sensor has potential to monitor Cd 2 + in practical environments.