Muonic, pionic, kaonic and Σ− X rays, atomic de-excitation cascades and nuclear absorption rates in the light elements☆

Abstract The yields, energies and line-widths of muonic, pionic, and kaonic X rays in Li, Be, and C are given. The data have been compared with calculations of atomic cascades, including absorption from s-, p-, and d-states. Good agreement is obtained among experimental data, cascade calculations, and theoretical shell-model predictions. In all three elements, additional line structure beyond that attributable to kaonic X rays was observed when kaons were captured. In Li, two lines were observed which are provisionally attributed to X rays from Σ − capture. The hyperons arising from previous nuclear absorption, after moderation, are themselves captured, producing X rays. Energies and yields are consistent with this interpretation.