In Vivo, Transcutaneous Glucose Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy: Multiple Rats, Improved Hypoglycemic Accuracy, Low Incident Power, and Continuous Monitoring for Greater than 17 Days

This paper presents the latest progress on quantitative, in vivo, transcutaneous glucose sensing using surface enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SESORS). Silver film over nanosphere (AgFON) surfaces were functionalized with a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and implanted subcutaneously in Sprague–Dawley rats. The glucose concentration was monitored in the interstitial fluid of six separate rats. The results demonstrated excellent accuracy and consistency. Remarkably, the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) (3.6 mg/dL) and the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) (13.7 mg/dL) for low glucose concentration (<80 mg/dL) is lower than the current International Organization Standard (ISO/DIS 15197) requirements. Additionally, our sensor demonstrated functionality up 17 days after implantation, including 12 days under the laser safety level for human skin exposure with only one time calibration. Therefore, our SERS based sensor shows promise for the challenge of reliable contin...