Two Types of Anticipatory-Timing Mechanisms in Synchronization Tapping

Mutual coordination of timing is required to produce synchronous cooperative behavior between humans, and an anticipation mechanism related to external events is thought to be indispensable to generate such movement. The importance of this timing control becomes clear if one considers, for example, playing together in a musical ensemble. However, it has been reported that a time difference exists between awareness of cognitive synchrony and physical synchrony, such as a negative asynchrony phenomenon (see next paragraph). Analysis of this anticipatory mechanism should be performed, not only to elucidate the physical process, but also to understand the underlying cognitive process in which a higher brain function, such as attention (Kahnemann 1973), is involved.