Species limits in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): reconciling classical taxonomy with the multispecies coalescent

Species delimitation is at the core of biological sciences. During the last decade, molecular-based approaches have advanced the field by providing additional sources of evidence to classical, morphology-based taxonomy. However, taxonomy has not yet fully embraced molecular species delimitation beyond threshold-based, single-gene approaches, and taxonomic knowledge is not commonly integrated to multi-locus species delimitation models. Here we aim to bridge empirical data (taxonomic and genetic) with the latest coalescent-based species delimitation approaches. We use the multispecies coalescent model as implemented in two recently developed Bayesian methods (DISSECT/STACEY and BP&P) to infer species hypotheses. In both cases, we account for phylogenetic uncertainty (by not using any guide tree) and taxonomic uncertainty (by measuring the impact of using or not a priori taxonomic assignment to specimens). We focus on an entire Neotropical tribe of butterflies, the Haeterini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). We contrast divergent taxonomic opinion-splitting, lumping and misclassifying species-in the light of different phenotypic classifications proposed to date. Our results provide a solid background for the recognition of 22 species. The synergistic approach presented here overcomes limitations in both traditional taxonomy (e.g., by recognizing cryptic species) and molecular-based methods (e.g., by recognizing structured populations, and not raise them to species). Our framework provides a step forward towards standardization and increasing reproducibility of species delimitations.