Application of pneumatic nebulization single-drop microextraction for the determination of organophosphorous pesticides by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) including dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, phenamiphos and chlorpyrifos, in water samples were extracted by pneumatic nebulization single-drop microextraction (PN-SDME) and then determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Experimental parameters affecting the performances of PN-SDME, such as flow rate of carrier gas, extraction time and microdrop volume, were examined and optimized. The limits of detection for the analytes were in the range of 0.0014–0.0019 μg/mL. The linear range was 0.0050–0.50 μg/mL, except dichlorvos (0.0070–0.50 μg/mL). Water samples were analyzed and the recoveries of the analytes in the spiked water samples were from 75.2 to 105.3%. The relative standard deviations were lower than 12.7%.