Co-infection with Coronavirus Disease 2019, previously undiagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis, with possible Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.

Abstract Background Case reports, case series and cohort studies have been published describing the clinical course and outcomes of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) who contract coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. However, the majority of the published work focuses on patients with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Case presentation We present a case of a new diagnosis of HIV with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) made simultaneously to diagnosis of COVID-19, with co-infection with pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) and possible cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis. The patient decompensated following initiation of ART, suggestive of possible immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Conclusions This case illustrates the importance of maintaining a high suspicion for HIV/AIDS in patients with risk factors. Additionally, this case raises the possibility that IRIS may develop in the setting of ART initiation in patients with COVID-19.