The Accuracy of 3D Printed Carpal Bones Generated from Cadaveric Specimens

INTRODUCTION: Computer assisted three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomic models using advanced imaging has wide applications within orthopaedics. The purpose of this study is to evalu-ate the 3D printing accuracy of carpal bones. METHODS: Seven cadaveric wrists underwent CT scanning, after which select carpal bones (scaphoid, capitate, lunate, and trapezium) were dissected in toto. Dimensions including length, circumference, and volume were measured directly from the cadaver bones. The CT images were converted into 3D printable stereolithography (STL) files. The STL files were converted into solid prints using a commercially available 3D printer. The printed carpal bones’ dimensions were measured and compared to those of the cadaveric carpal bones. RESULTS: On average, the length and circumference of the 3D printed bones were within 2.3 mm (9.8%) and 2.2 mm (4.4%), respectively, of the cadaveric bone dimensions. There was a larger discrepancy in the volume measured, which on average was within 0.65 cc (15.9%) of the cadaver-ic bones. These differences were not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional printing can add value to patient care and improve outcomes. This study demonstrates that 3D printing can both accurately and reproducibly fabricate boney models that closely resemble their corresponding cadaveric anatomy.