Blood–brain barrier permeability to small and large molecules

Abstract The objective of this article is to provide the reader with an update of some of the BBB research highlights which have occurred in recent times, and to review the impact and contributions of immunogold electron microscopic studies on our understanding of the brain capillary endothelium. Glucose and monocarboxylic acids are two small molecules which this review will focus upon; and advances in immunogold characterization of the GLUT1 glucose transporter and the MCT1 and MCT2 monocarboxylic acid nutrient transporters will be discussed. Human serum albumin is chosen as a representative large molecule, and it has recently been shown that immunogold identification of this protein can serve as an indicator of compromised BBB function in a variety of pathophysiological conditions.