Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition.

Abstract Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermo-chemical processing technology for the production of biofuels but produces large amounts of process water. Therefore recirculation of process water from HTL of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is investigated. Two sets of recirculation on a continuous reactor system using K 2 CO 3 as catalyst were carried out. Following this, the process water was recirculated in batch experiments for a total of 10 rounds. To assess the effect of alkali catalyst, non-catalytic HTL process water recycling was performed with 9 recycle rounds. Both sets of experiments showed a large increase in bio-crude yields from approximately 35 to 55 wt%. The water phase and bio-crude samples from all experiments were analysed via quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to investigate their composition and build-up of organic compounds. Overall the results show an increase in HTL conversion efficiency and a lower volume, more concentrated aqueous by-product following recycling.