Towards the implementation of the Stockholm Convention in Spain: Five-year monitoring (2008–2013) of POPs in air based on passive sampling

Abstract Within the framework of the Spanish monitoring program, this study reports on air concentration of DDTs, HCB, HCHs, NDL-PCBs, DL-PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs measured during the five-year sampling period 2008–2013. Spanish coastal remote and urban locations were studied using PUF disk passive air samplers which were deployed and collected every three months. Despite the wide range of concentrations measured for most contaminants, a common pattern of relative abundance (median values): NDL-PCBs (36.6 pg/m 3 ) > HCB (24.8 pg/m 3 ) ≈ HCHs (17.9 pg/m 3 ) ≈ DDTs (16.6 pg/m 3 ) > PBDEs (3.65 pg/m 3 ) > DL-PCBs (2.99 pg/m 3 ) >> PCDD/Fs (0.060 pg/m 3 ) was found fairly consistent across most seasons and locations. Nevertheless, important variations in yearly concentrations were measured for different POPs. In general, higher levels of DDTs, HCHs, NDL-PCBs, DL-PCBs and PCDD/Fs were found in urban sites highlighting important differences between remote and urban sampling locations for most target contaminants. Greater concentrations of the banned organochlorine pesticides in urban locations suggested the existence of unexpected pointed sources that need to be further investigated and characterized. The limited dataset collected thus far rendered no clear temporal trends for most study target compounds, which emphasizes the necessity of the Spanish monitoring program future maintenance in time.