Tumor necrosis factor alpha and human immunodeficiency virus-specific functional immune responses after immunization with Gp120-depleted, inactivated HIV-1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (REMUNE) in HIV-1-seropositive subjects.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the relation between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific functional immune responses, as measured by HIV-1 antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and beta-chemokine production after immunization with gp120-depleted, inactivated HIV-1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (i.e., HIV-1 Immunogen; REMUNE, The Immune Response Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, U.S.A.). STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: HIV-1-seropositive subjects who enrolled in an open-label study were immunized with REMUNE every 12 weeks and monitored for 60 weeks. HIV-1 antigen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and RANTES production were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). TNF-alpha levels were measured in serum. RESULTS: TNF-alpha (P = 0.0003) significantly decreased and HIV-1 antigen-stimulated RANTES production (P = 0.002) and lymphocyte proliferation (P = 0.07) increased after immunization with REMUNE. TNF-alpha levels negatively correlated with HIV-1 antigen-stimulated RANTES production (r = -0.71; P = 0.0002) and lymphocyte proliferation (r = -0.37; P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated decreased TNF-alpha levels with a concomitant augmentation of HIV-specific functional immunity in subjects immunized with REMUNE. Because TNF-alpha has been implicated in the induction of anergy in HIV-1 infection, the ability to decrease TNF-alpha may allow the immune system to respond to HIV and non-HIV antigens. Larger studies are being conducted to confirm the clinical utility of REMUNE in combination with potent antiviral drugs.