Ultrasound-guided biopsy and drainage

A. Introduction.- 1 General.- 2 Historical Development of Aspiration Biopsy Under Ultrasound and Computed Tomographic Guidance.- 2.1 Cross-Sectional Imaging Methods.- 2.2 Cytology.- 2.3 Fine Needles for the Collection of Cytologic Specimes.- B. Principles and Technique.- 1 Principles of Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy Under Continuous Vision.- 2 Localizing the Biopsy Needle in the Sonographic Image.- 2.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 2.2 Physical Experiments and Considerations.- 3 Procedure for Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy.- 3.1 Technique.- 3.2 Technical Aspects.- 3.3 Methods of Improving Needle Tip Visibility.- 3.4 Difficult Biopsy Sites.- 3.5 Local Anesthesia and General Preparations.- 4 Standard Biopsy Needles for Cytology, Histology, and Bacteriology.- C. Results.- 1 General.- 1.1 Indications and Methods of Specimen Collection for Cytologic, Bacteriologic, and Histologic Examination.- 1.2 Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy.- 1.3 Organs Biopsied.- 1.4 Age Distribution.- 2 Results of Fine-Needle Aspirations for Specific Organs and Body Regions.- 2.1 Liver.- 2.2 Retroperitoneal and Intraperitoneal Masses.- 2.3 Pancreas.- 2.4 Gastrointestinal Tumors.- 2.5 Extraabdominal Organs.- 3 Preparation of Specimens for Cytologic Examination - Possibilities and Limitations.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Collection and Processing of Cytologic Material.- 3.3 Importance of Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy for Cytology.- 3.4 Principal Applications of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Biopsy.- 4 Biopsy for Histologic Examination.- 4.1 Core Biopsy.- 4.2 The Thin Cutting-Edge Needle.- 5 A Pathologist's View of Needle Biopsy.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Methods of Histologic Processing.- 5.3 Results.- 6 Does Needle Biopsy Promote Tumor Spread?.- D. Practical Aspects of Biopsy and Drainage, Indications, Risks.- 1 Renal Biopsy.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Technique.- 1.3 Postbiopsy Procedures.- 1.4 Results.- 1.5 Complications and Risks.- 2 Liver Biopsy.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Technique.- 2.3 Results.- 2.4 Complications and Risks.- 2.5 Contraindications.- 2.6 Echinococcosis.- 3 Percutaneous Nephrostomy.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Technique.- 3.3 Drainage Catheters: Materials and Selection.- 3.4 The Loop Catheter.- 4 Aspiration of Pancreatic Pseudocysts.- E. Concluding Remarks.- References.