Leukemia Stem Cell Drug Discovery.

The relative survival of cancer patients, when considering the tumoral stage at diagnosis, has not changed significantly in the last three decades, in spite of our increasingly detailed knowledge of the molecular alterations occurring in human tumors. In parallel, despite a growing number of clinical trials being conducted, the absolute number of drugs that are effective in humans is declining, and many new drugs move into the market without having enough evidence of their benefit on survival or quality of life. In part, this failure is due to the discordance between the results from preclinical and clinical trial phases, therefore leading to a high percentage of apparently promising lead compounds being abandoned in the transfer to the clinic. This discordance is caused, to a large degree, by the use of inappropriate animal models in the first stages of drug development. In this chapter, we discuss how the development of cancer therapies needs to be redesigned in order to achieve cancer cure, and how this redesign must involve the generation of better animal models, based on the tenets of the cancer stem cell theory, and capable of recapitulating all the aspects of human cancer. The use of such improved models should increase the likelihood of success in drug development, reducing the number of agents that go into trial, and the amount of patients undergoing useless trials.