Synthesis of maleic and fumaric acids from furfural in the presence of betaine hydrochloride and hydrogen peroxide

Here we report the successful valorisation of furfural into maleic acid (MA) and fumaric acid (FA) with a total yield above 90% using an aqueous solution of betaine hydrochloride (BHC) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. BHC can be recycled for at least 4 cycles and it can be used to directly convert xylose to MA and FA.