Deformation Drives Alignment of Nanofibers in Framework for Inducing Anisotropic Cellulose Hydrogels with High Toughness

Deformation-driven alignment of macromolecules or nanofibers leading to anisotropy is a challenge in functional soft materials. Here, tough cellulose hydrogels that exhibited deformation-induced anisotropy are fabricated by reacting cellulose with a small amount of epichlorohydrin (EPI) in LiOH/urea solution and subsequent treating with dilute acid. The loosely cross-linked network that was obtained via chemical cross-linking of cellulose with EPI as a large framework maintained the elasticity of hydrogels, whereas nanofibers produced by the acid treatment formed physical cross-linked networks through hydrogen bonds which could efficiently dissipated mechanical energy. Meanwhile, the nanofibers could further aggregate to form submicrobundles and participate in the formation of frameworks during the acid treatment. Under deformation, the nanofibers and submicrobundles in the physical networks synchronize easily to align with the large framework, generating the rapidly responsive birefringence behaviors wit...