Candidate gene analyses of 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypes in subjects with malocclusion

Introduction Genetic studies of malocclusion etiology have identified 4 deleterious mutations in genes  DUSP6, ARHGAP21 , FGF23 , and ADAMTS1 in familial Class III cases. Although these variants may have large impacts on Class III phenotypic expression, their low frequency ( Methods Pretreatment dental casts or cone-beam computed tomographic images from 300 healthy subjects were digitized with 48 landmarks. The 3-dimensional coordinate data were submitted to a geometric morphometric approach along with principal component analysis to generate continuous phenotypes including symmetric and asymmetric components of dentoalveolar shape variation, fluctuating asymmetry, and size. The subjects were genotyped for 222 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 82 genes/loci, and phenotpye-genotype associations were tested via multivariate linear regression. Results Principal component analysis of symmetric variation identified 4 components that explained 68% of the total variance and depicted anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse dentoalveolar discrepancies. Suggestive associations ( P PITX2 , SNAI3 , 11q22.2-q22.3, 4p16.1, ISL1 , and FGF8 . Principal component analysis for asymmetric variations identified 4 components that explained 51% of the total variations and captured left-to-right discrepancies resulting in midline deviations, unilateral crossbites, and ectopic eruptions. Suggestive associations were found with TBX1 AJUBA , SNAI3 SATB2 , TP63 , and 1p22.1. Fluctuating asymmetry was associated with BMP3 and LATS1 . Associations for SATB2 and BMP3 with asymmetric variations remained significant after the Bonferroni correction ( P SNAI1 . Conclusions Specific genetic pathways associated with 3-dimensional dentoalveolar phenotypic variation in malocclusions were identified.