Substance Misuse: Substance Abuse – Patterns and Statistics

There are multiple substances used recreationally. Patterns of use vary between jurisdictions and over time. Heroin is an opiate typically injected or smoked. Synthetic opioids include oxycodone, hydrocodone, pethidine (meperidine), and fentanyl. Cocaine is a frequently abused natural stimulant associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is frequently encountered in excited delirium. Naturally occurring stimulants include caffeine, Khat, ephedrine, and absinthe. Methamphetamine is a commonly abused synthetic stimulant. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is popular at raves. Recently, synthetic cathinones called ‘bath salts’ have emerged. Volatile substance abuse remains an important cause of death. Synthetic cannabinoids are becoming popular recreational drugs, with deaths reported.