Design of liquid-nitrogen-insulated apparatus through unified breakdown field data having different area and volume effects

For designers of high temperature superconducting equipment with liquid nitrogen as a dielectric, an expedient universal curve is sought that incorporates area/volume effects for each member of a specified class of electrode shapes, thus providing the breakdown field of all such liquid nitrogen gaps with any practical sizes of electrodes and gap. Currently a single universal curve for breakdown strength with AC or DC stress is being developed for the class with sphere-sphere, plane-plane and sphere-plane gaps, with three independent parameters: the size of each electrode and gap, all at pressures at or slightly above 100 kPa.