The sleeping beauty kissed awake: new methods in electron microscopy to study cellular membranes

Electron microscopy (EM) for biological samples, developed in the 1940–1950s, changed our conception about the architecture of eukaryotic cells. It was followed by a period where EM applied to cell biology had seemingly fallen asleep, even though new methods with important implications for modern EM were developed. Among these was the discovery that samples can be preserved by chemical fixation and most importantly by rapid freezing without the formation of crystalline ice, giving birth to the world of cryo-EM. The past 15–20 years are hallmarked by a tremendous interest in EM, driven by important technological advances. Cryo-EM, in particular, is now capable of revealing structures of proteins at a near-atomic resolution owing to improved sample preparation methods, microscopes and cameras. In this review, we focus on the challenges associated with the imaging of membranes by EM and give examples from the field of host–pathogen interactions, in particular of virus-infected cells. Despite the advantages of imaging membranes under native conditions in cryo-EM, conventional EM will remain an important complementary method, in particular if large volumes need to be imaged.