Photocatalytic degradation of phenol in natural seawater using visible light active carbon modified (CM)-n-TiO2 nanoparticles under UV light and natural sunlight illuminations

Abstract The photocatalytic degradation of phenol in seawater was investigated under UV and natural sunlight using visible light active carbon modified (CM)-n-TiO 2 nanoparticles, synthesized via a sol–gel method. Carbon modification of n-TiO 2 was performed using titanium butoxide, carbon-containing precursor, as a source of both carbon and titanium. For comparison, unmodified n-TiO 2 was also synthesized by hydrolysis and oxidation of titanium trichloride in the absence of any carbon source. The presence of carbon in CM-n-TiO 2 nanoparticles was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Carbon modification was found to be responsible for lowering the bandgap energy from 3.14 eV for n-TiO 2 to 1.86 eV for CM-n-TiO 2 which in turn enhanced the photocatalytic activity of CM-n-TiO 2 towards the degradation of phenol in seawater under illumination of UV light as well as natural sunlight. This enhanced photoresponse of CM-n-TiO 2 is in agreement with the UV–Vis spectroscopic results that showed higher absorption of light in both UV and visible regions. The effects of catalyst dose, initial concentration of phenol, and pH were studied. The highest degradation rate was obtained at pH 3 and catalyst dose of 1.0 g L −1 . The data photocatalytic degradation of phenol in seawater using CM-n-TiO 2 were successfully fitted to Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, and can be described by pseudo-first order kinetics.