TNM classification of testicular tumors. Definitions and prerequisites for correct application

: The TNM classification of testicular tumors has some special aspects. There is only one pT classification (with two exceptions) but there is an N as well as a pN classification. The category M1 can be subdivided in M1a and M1b, both of which can be used as cM and pM classifications. Serum tumor markers have been introduced as classification parameters in the TNM classification of testicular tumors which are used together with the anatomical spread in stage grouping but not in the definitions of the T, N and M categories.