Molecular biomarkers to track clinical improvement following an integrative treatment model in autistic toddlers.

Objective Identifying an objective, laboratory-based diagnostic tool (e.g., changes in gene expression), when used in conjunction with disease-specific clinical assessment, could increase the accuracy of the effectiveness of a therapeutic intervention. Methods We assessed the association between treatment outcome and blood RNA expression before the therapeutic intervention to post-treatment (after one year) of five Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) toddlers who underwent an intensive cognitive-behavioral intervention integrated with psychomotor and speech therapy. Results We found 113 significant Differentially Expressed genes (DEGs) enriched for the nervous system, immune system, and transcription and translation-related pathways. Some of these genes, as MALAT-1, TSPO, and CFL1, appear to be promising candidates. Conclusion Our findings show that changes in peripheral gene expression could be used in conjunction with clinical scales to monitor a rehabilitation intervention's effectiveness in toddlers affected by ASD. These results need to be validated in a larger cohort.