Alteration processes of a thick basaltic lava flow of the Paraná Basin (Brazil): petrographic and mineralogical studies

Abstract Petrographic and mineralogical studies of a 45 m thick basaltic lava flow in southern Parana Basin (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) enables a detailed description of three structural levels: the lower vesicular zone (LVZ), inner massive zone (IMZ), and upper vesicular zone (UVZ). The three levels, inherited from cooling stages, are characterized by vertical zonation of the petrographic features and associated secondary mineral assemblages, such as clay minerals and zeolites. Zeolite crystallization is limited to the vesicle infilling and partial replacement of albitized plagioclases. The clay mineral sequence observed in vesicle infilling is a celadonite, saponite, chlorite/saponite mixed layer. The mesostasis of the three levels, which constitutes reduced sites of clay mineral crystallization from the peripheral levels (top and base) to the inner, massive, and vesicle-free part of the flow, presents a saponite to C/S mixed layer sequence. Petrographic and chemical observations support three steps for the alteration mechanisms. The earliest alteration stages are related to postmagmatic mechanisms. They are marked by earliest celadonite precipitation in the oxidative condition of the highly permeable UVZ, saponite with homogeneous compositions in reducing conditions, and C/S mixed layer conversion in the inner part of the flow, where temperature gradients have been preserved during the final stages of cooling. The albitization of plagioclase associated with zeolite crystallization and the compositional changes in clay mineralogy should be attributed to high water/basalt alterations during the low-grade burial metamorphic conditions in more permeable vesicular levels of the flow.