Forward Osmosis (FO) for Removal of Heavy Metals

Abstract This book chapter gives a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art development of forward osmosis (FO) technology for removal of heavy metals. The concept and principles of FO technology were first introduced, followed by development of the draw solutes, development and characterization of the membranes for removal of heavy metals. Perspectives and challenges facing FO for removal of heavy metals were later summarized.