Temporal dynamics of corticocortical inhibition in human visual cortex: A TMS Study

Abstract Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) has been used extensively to probe local facilitatory and inhibitory function in motor cortex. We previously developed a reliable ppTMS method to investigate these functions in visual cortex and found reduced thresholds for net intracortical inhibition compared to motor cortex. The current study used this method to investigate the temporal dynamics of local facilitatory and inhibitory networks in visual cortex in 28 healthy subjects. We measured the size of the visual disturbance (phosphene) evoked by stimulating visual cortex with a fixed intensity, supra-threshold test stimulus when that test stimulus was preceded by a sub-threshold conditioning stimulus. We manipulated the inter-stimulus interval and assessed how the size of the phosphene elicited by the fixed-intensity test stimulus changed as a function of interval for two different conditioning stimulus intensities (45% and 75% of phosphene threshold). At 45% of threshold, the conditioning stimulus produced uniform suppression of the phosphene elicited by the test stimulus across inter-stimulus intervals ranging from 2-200 ms. At 75% of threshold, the conditioning stimulus did not have a significant effect on phosphene size across the 2-15 ms intervals. Intervals of 50-200 ms exhibited statistically significant suppression of phosphenes, however, suppression was not uniform with some subjects demonstrating no change or facilitation. This study demonstrates that the temporal dynamics of local inhibitory and facilitatory networks are different across motor and visual cortex and that optimal parameters to index local inhibitory and facilitatory influences in motor cortex are not necessarily optimal for visual cortex. We refer to the observed inhibition as visual cortex inhibition (VCI) to distinguish it from the phenomenon reported in motor cortex.