Use of cocultured cell systems to elucidate chemokine-dependent neuronal/microglial interactions: control of microglial activation

Abstract In order to understand processes involved in central nervous system inflammatory diseases, a critical appreciation of mechanisms involved in the control of immune function in the brain is needed. Microglial cells are watchful eyes for unusual events and detecting the presence of pathogens but are also alert to signals emanating from damaged neurons. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a chemokine which is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, being localized on neurons, while its receptor, CX3CR1, is found on microglial cells. We have developed a strategy to investigate the role of this chemokine in neuronal–microglia interactions. Because fractalkine is expressed both as a soluble and as a membrane-attached protein, we have established various protocols involving different levels of cell-to-cell communication. Three experimental systems were instituted, including (1) a conditioned medium transfer system in which no cell–cell communication or contact is possible, (2) a transwell system that permits cell-contact-independent communication through diffusible soluble factors only, and (3) a coculture system allowing cell-to-cell communication via direct microglial–neuronal contacts. Using these in vitro cocultured systems, we have investigated the role of a soluble and/or cell-associated chemokine, such as fractalkine, in order to obtain insights into the role of glia–neuron interactions in cerebral inflammation.