Chinese population shares in Tibet revisited : Early insights from the 2020 census of China and some cautionary notes on current population politics
2021
The early results of the 2020 Census of the People’s Republic of China shed light on the highly
politicised issue of Han Chinese population shares in the Tibetan areas of western China. Two
opposite patterns are evident. The Han share increased in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
in the 2010s and the increase accelerated in comparison to the 2000s, but from a small base,
reaching 12 percent in 2020. It also appears to be mostly concentrated in the capital city of Lhasa
and to a lesser extent in a few other strategic locations in the province. In contrast, the Han
share fell in the other half of Tibetan areas. The fall also accelerated in Qinghai and Gansu. If
trends continue, minorities will become the majority of Qinghai within a few years.
These insights confirm earlier analyses that the dominant structural trend facing these
relatively poor peripheral areas is net outmigration, not net in-migration. Because outmigration is
stronger among the Han than among minorities, combined with higher fertility and natural
population increase rates among minorities (Tibetans in particular), there is a tendency for rising
minority shares. This tendency is only counteracted by extremely high levels of subsidisation,
such as in the TAR. These population dynamics need to be carefully differentiated, both inside
Tibet but also from other regions in China such as Xinjiang. The development implications also
run counter to the logic underlying recent allegations of forced or coerced labour in Tibet.
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