Zebras in the Shoulder: a Review Article on Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound of the Shoulder

Shoulder ultrasound (US) examination is the most frequent US application in the musculoskeletal field. This review article critically analyzes the scientific literature concerning new horizons, pitfalls, and advantages in shoulder US and its translation to clinical practice. Although sonographic appearance of shoulder pathologies such as tendinopathy, tendon tear, bursal pathologies, degenerative changes, calcifications, joint abnormalities, and different signs is important, awareness of different shoulder US pitfalls, dynamic assessments, axillary recess evaluation, post-surgical changes, elastography, and other new advancements in this field will be essential for the expert sonographer. Acknowledgment of new techniques and pitfalls in the shoulder US will improve diagnosis and treatment of different shoulder pathologies.