Cross-reactivity and heterologous neutralization of crotaline antivenoms used in Argentina.

Abstract The immunochemical cross-reactivity and neutralizing capacity of four crotalinae antivenoms consisting in equine F(ab′) 2 fragments and available in Argentina (bothropic Bivalent, against Bothrops alternatus and B. neuwiedii venoms; bothropic Tetravalent, against B. alternatus, B. neuwiedii; B. jararaca and B. jararacussu venoms; bothropic–crotalic Trivalent, against B. alternatus, B. neuwiedii and Crotalus (C.) durissus terrificus venoms and anticrotalic against C. d. terrificus venom) were studied against B. alternatus , B. ammodytoides ; B. jararaca; B. jararacussu; B. moojeni; B. neuwiedii and C. d. terrificus venoms. SDS-PAGE analysis of the Bothrops venoms showed protein bands of high (>40 kDa) medium (20–40 kDa) and low ( C. d. terrificus exhibited a large amount of material with molecular weight of 15.0 kDa or lower. Immunoblotting showed a high cross-reactivity of all the major protein bands with all the antivenoms (even heterologous) tested. All the antivenoms were effective in neutralizing the lethal activity of the venoms tested, and in some cases ( B. jararaca and B. jararacussu ) heterologous antivenoms exhibited similar neutralizing capacity than the homologous ones. In spite of the differences in biochemical composition and pharmacology, Bothropic antivenoms displayed a significant neutralizing capacity on lethal activity of C. d. terrificus venom. In addition, all the antivenoms (including the anticrotalic) were highly effective in neutralizing the hemorragic, necrotizing, procoagulant, and proteolytic activities. The antivenoms tested produced different degrees of inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity, which exhibited a certain specificity but was also related to the enzyme content in the venom.