Dural arteriovenous fistulas with venous drainage patterns inducing ocular manifestations mimicking a carotid cavernous fistula: Report of 2 cases

Abstract Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are abnormal connections between arteries supplying the dura mater and the cranial venous system. They present with various signs and symptoms. Progressive ocular manifestations are quite rare and may be confused with carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF). Here, we present 2 cases of dAVFs manifesting with ocular symptomatology referred to our center erroneously diagnosed as CCF. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of the venous drainage pattern on the clinical presentation.