Influences of beehive firework displays on ambient fine particles during the lantern festival in the YanShuei area of Southern Taiwan

This study investigates water-soluble ions in the sized particles (particularly Aitken nuclei mode (dp≤0.1 μm, PM_(0.1))/ accumulation mode (0.1＜dp≤1.0 μm, PM_(0.1-1.0)) collected using a MOUDI sampler in the YanShuei area of southern Taiwan during a beehive fireworks display. The results indicate that the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations (437 μg/m^3 and 572 μg/m^3, respectively) at the leeward sampling site are 12.5 and 4.6 times higher than the corresponding national standards of daily mean values (35 and 125 μg/m^3, respectively) during the beehive fireworks display. Closely examining PM accumulation fractions reveals that the accumulation mode particles dominate in the sized collected particles during the beehive fireworks display. Additionally, the K+ concentrations in PM_(1.0), PM_(2.5), and PM_(2.5-10) are 317, 349, and 249 times higher than those of its background value, while those of CI^- are 91, 64, and 6.9 times greater than those of its background value. For ultrafine particles, the D/B (During the beehive fireworks display/Background) values of particlebound CI^-, K^+, and Mg^(2+) increase significantly during the beehive fireworks display at the leeward sampling site. Moreover, the maxima D/B value of K^+ is 196 in the 0.1-0.18 μm size range, revealing that the beehive firework aerosols are rich in CI^-, K^+, and Mg^(2+) ions.