Relevance of organ(s)-on-a-chip systems to the investigation of food-gut microbiota-host interactions.

The ever greater understanding of the composition and function of the gut microbiome has provided new opportunities with respect to understanding and treating human disease. However, the models employed for in vitro and in vivo animal studies do not always provide the required insights. As a result, one such alternative in vitro cell culture based system, organ-on-a-chip technology, has recently attracted attention as a means of obtaining data that is representative of responses in humans. Organ-on-a-chip systems are designed to mimic the interactions of different tissue elements that were missing from traditional two-dimensional tissue culture. While they do not traditionally include a microbiota component, organ-on-a-chip systems provide a potentially valuable means of characterising the interactions between the microbiome and human tissues with a view to providing even greater accuracy. From a dietary perspective, these microbiota-organ-on-a-chip combinations can help researchers to predict how the consumption of specific foods and ingredients can impact on human health and disease. We provide an overview of the relevance and interactions of the gut microbiota and the diet in human health, we summarise the components involved in the organ-on-a-chip systems, how these systems have been employed for microbiota based studies and their potential relevance to study the interplay between food-gut microbiota-host interactions.