Progress in ambient air-processed perovskite solar cells: Insights into processing techniques and stability assessment

Abstract Perovskite solar cells are among the highly efficient devices with a power conversion efficiency of over 25% due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties like bandgap tunability, high light absorption coefficient, and long diffusion length. A highly efficient perovskite solar cell is fabricated under a controlled inert atmosphere. Perovskite solar cell’s stability is influenced by ambient atmosphere parameters like air, water, light and temperature which prevent industrial deployment. The translation of lab-scale to industrial-scale production requires fabricating perovskite solar cells in an ambient environment. The morphology and crystallization of perovskite thin film is also influenced by ambient environment. Large-scale manufacturing of these solar cells requires a scientific understanding of the crystallization process, fabrication process, and industrial compatibility. The proper study of the influence of ambient environment on morphology and crystallization process is necessary to fabricate highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cell in ambient conditions. The packaging of perovskite solar cell is also an important part to prevent the degradation of device. There is a need to adopt standard protocols like ISOS protocols for stability tests and to understand the properties of perovskite solar cell properly. In this paper, the influence of water, air, temperature, light and packaging on the perovskite solar cells will be discussed. The processing techniques of air-processed perovskite solar cells will be discussed. ISOS protocols will be discussed for assessing the stability of perovskite solar cells. The standard protocols would make advancements in the perovskite solar technology and help to translate lab-scale devices to industrial scale for commercialization.