Micro FBI: A microsystem for feedback-based biofilm inhibition

In this work, we summarize the development of compact microsystems for the characterization, sensing and treatment of bacterial biofilms. We present in vitro platforms for biofilm characterization and in vivo systems for biofilm sensing and treatment. Non-invasive characterization of the fundamental mechanisms of biofilm formation and growth under a variety of conditions was achieved using simple electronic-microfluidic systems that can not only provide parallel operation, but also a tightly controllable microenvironment. These microfluidic platforms were designed to reduce biofilm growth variance and provide integrated controls for reliable treatment evaluation. Furthermore, two sensing-treatment systems — a surface acoustic wave micro-sensor, and an impedance sensor with integrated electrodes for treatment using the bioelectric effect — were developed for the early detection and effective treatment of biofilms. These capabilities are critical in the management of biofilm associated infectious disease. Additionally, an intelligent treatment system based on a threshold-activated feedback control system is demonstrated for real-time in situ treatment of bacterial biofilms.