Pharmacological Medical Treatment of Epilepsy in Patients with Dementia: A Systematic Review.

Background Patients with dementia have an increased risk of developing epilepsy, es- pecially in patients with vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In selecting the optimal an- ti-epileptic drug (AED), the possible side effects such as drowsiness and worsening of cognitive function should be taken into consideration, together with co-morbidities and type of epilepsy. Objective The current systematic review investigates the efficacy, tolerability, and changes in cog- nitive function after administration of AED in patients with dementia and epilepsy. Methods We searched six databases, including MEDLINE and CENTRAL, checked reference lists, contacted experts, and searched Google Scholar to identify studies reporting randomized trials. Studies identified were independently screened, data extracted, and quality appraised by two researchers. A narrative synthesis was used to report findings. Results We included one study with 95 patients with Alzheimer's disease randomized to either lev- etiracetam, lamotrigine, or phenobarbital. No significant differences were found for efficacy, but patients receiving levetiracetam showed an improvement in mini-mental state examination scores and had fewer adverse events. Conclusion High-quality evidence in the form of randomized controlled trials to guide clinicians in choosing an AED in patients with dementia and concomitant epilepsy remains scarce. However, levetiracetam has previously been shown to possibly improve cognition in patients with both mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, is better tolerated in the elderly population, and has no clinically relevant interaction with either cholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagon- ists.