Nanomesh‐Structured Ultrathin Membranes Harnessing the Unidirectional Alignment of Viruses on a Graphene‐Oxide Film

DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305862 However, strong van der Waals interactions and subsequent irreversible aggregation of the nanomaterials makes it unlikely for the assembled system to exhibit unidirectional alignment. This limitation can be overcome by employing “intelligent” (i.e., responsive) and fl exible one-dimensionally structured biomaterials. [ 11,12 ] The self-assembled structures of M13 viruses are an example; their mechanical stiffness and structural characteristics are readily controlled by manipulating the environmental pH or the type of bonding with the underlying substrate. [ 13,14 ]