Simple and Rapid High-Throughput Assay to Identify HSV-1 ICP0 Transactivation Inhibitors

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous virus that results in lifelong infections due to its ability to cycle between lytic replication and latency. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, HSV-1 exploits host cellular factors to replicate and aid in its life cycle. HSV-1 expresses infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), an immediate-early regulator, to stimulate the transcription of all classes of viral genes via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mechanisms by which ICP0 activates viral gene expression and the cellular factors involved are largely unknown. Here we report an automated, inexpensive, and rapid high-throughput approach to examine the effects of small molecule compounds on ICP0 transactivator function in cells. Two HSV-1 reporter viruses, KOS6{beta} (wt) and dlx3.1-6{beta} (ICP0-null mutant), were used to monitor ICP0 transactivation activity through the HSV-1 ICP6 promoter::lacz expression cassette. A [≥]10-fold difference in {beta}-galactosidase activity was observed in cells infected with KOS6{beta} compared to dlx3.1-6{beta}, demonstrating that ICP0 potently transactivates the ICP6 promoter. We established the robustness and reproducibility with a Z'-factor score of [≥]0.69, an important criterium for high-throughput analyses. Approximately 19,000 structurally diverse compounds were screened and 76 potential inhibitors of the HSV-1 transactivator ICP0 were identified. We expect this assay will aid in the discovery of novel inhibitors and tools against HSV-1 ICP0. Using well-annotated compounds could identify potential novel factors and pathways that interact with ICP0 to promote HSV-1 gene expression.