Virtual Compton scattering and nucleon generalized polarizabilities

Abstract This review gives an update on virtual Compton scattering (VCS) off the nucleon, γ ∗ N → γ N , in the low-energy regime. We recall the theoretical formalism related to the generalized polarizabilities (GPs) and model predictions for these observables. We present the GP extraction methods that are used in the experiments: the approach based on the low-energy theorem for VCS and the formalism of Dispersion Relations. We then review the experimental results, with a focus on the progress brought by recent experimental data on proton GPs, and we conclude by some perspectives in the field of VCS at low energy.