The Fermi–Pasta–Ulam Problem and Its Underlying Integrable Dynamics: An Approach Through Lyapunov Exponents

FPU models, in dimension one, are perturbations either of the linear model or of the Toda model; perturbations of the linear model include the usual \(\beta \)-model, perturbations of Toda include the usual \(\alpha +\beta \) model. In this paper we explore and compare two families, or hierarchies, of FPU models, closer and closer to either the linear or the Toda model, by computing numerically, for each model, the maximal Lyapunov exponent \(\chi \). More precisely, we consider statistically typical trajectories and study the asymptotics of \(\chi \) for large N (the number of particles) and small \(\varepsilon \) (the specific energy E / N), and find, for all models, asymptotic power laws \(\chi \simeq C\varepsilon ^a\), C and a depending on the model. The asymptotics turns out to be, in general, rather slow, and producing accurate results requires a great computational effort. We also revisit and extend the analytic computation of \(\chi \) introduced by Casetti, Livi and Pettini, originally formulated for the \(\beta \)-model. With great evidence the theory extends successfully to all models of the linear hierarchy, but not to models close to Toda.