A Novel Biological Role of Tachykinins as an Up-Regulator of Oocyte Growth: Identification of an Evolutionary Origin of Tachykininergic Functions in the Ovary of the Ascidian, Ciona intestinalis

Tachykinins (TKs) and their receptors have been shown to be expressed in the mammalian ovary. However, the biological roles of ovarian TKs have yet to be verified. Ci-TK-I and Ci-TK-R, characterized from the protochordate (ascidian), Ciona intestinalis, are prototypes of vertebrate TKs and their receptors. In the present study, we show a novel biological function of TKs as an inducible factor for oocyte growth using C. intestinalis as a model organism. Immunostaining demonstrated the specific expression of Ci-TK-R in test cells residing in oocytes at the vitellogenic stage. DNA microarray and real-time PCR revealed that Ci-TK-I induced gene expression of several proteases, including cathepsin D, chymotrypsin, and carboxy-peptidase B1, in the ovary. The enzymatic activities of these proteases in the ovary were also shown to be enhanced by Ci-TK-I. Of particular significance is that the treatment of Ciona oocytes with Ci-TK-I resulted in progression of growth from the vitellogenic stage to the post-vitellog...